Photovoltaic Roofing Wiring Array, Photovoltaic Roofing Wiring System and Roofs Using Them

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides photovoltaic wiring arrays and photovoltaic wiring systems suitable for use in rooftop photovoltaic power generation systems. Accordingly, one aspect of the invention provides a photovoltaic roofing wiring array for use with a plurality of photovoltaic roofing elements, each photovoltaic roofing element having a positive lead terminated in a positive connector and a negative lead terminated in a negative connector, and a lead-to-lead distance between the positive connector and the negative connector, the photovoltaic roofing wiring system comprising: a positive parallel wiring run, the positive parallel wiring run comprising a main line and one or more connection branches pendant from the main line, each connection branch being terminated in a positive connector; and a negative parallel wiring run, the negative parallel wiring run comprising a main line and one or more connection branches pendant from the main line, each connection branch being terminated in a negative connector, wherein each positive connector is coupleable to the positive connectors of the photovoltaic roofing elements; and wherein each negative connector is coupleable to the negative connectors of the photovoltaic roofing elements. In some embodiments of the invention, the photovoltaic roofing wiring arrays are substantially prefabricated.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to photovoltaic roofing systems.The present invention relates more particularly to photovoltaic roofarrays and wiring systems for use therewith.

2. Technical Background

The search for alternative sources of energy has been motivated by atleast two factors. First, fossil fuels have become more and moreexpensive due to increasing scarcity and unrest in areas rich inpetroleum deposits. Second, there exists overwhelming concern about theeffects of the combustion of fossil fuels on the environment, due tofactors such as air pollution (from NO_(x), hydrocarbons and ozone) andglobal warming (from CO₂). In recent years, research and developmentattention has focused on harvesting energy from natural environmentalsources such as wind, flowing water and the sun. Of the three, the sunappears to be the most widely useful energy source across thecontinental United States; most locales get enough sunshine to makesolar energy feasible.

There are now available components that convert light energy intoelectrical energy. Such “photovoltaic cells” are often made fromsemiconductor-type materials such as doped silicon in either singlecrystalline, polycrystalline, or amorphous form. The use of photovoltaiccells on roofs is becoming increasingly common, especially as deviceperformance has improved. They can be used, for example, to provide atleast a fraction of the electrical energy needed for a building'soverall function, or can be used to power one or more particulardevices, such as exterior lighting systems.

Photovoltaic roofing elements can be used to provide weather protection,like standard roofing elements, as well as photovoltaic powergeneration. Many such photovoltaic roofing elements take the form of astandard roofing element, such as a shingle or a tile, with one or morephotovoltaic cells disposed thereon or integrated therewith.Photovoltaic roofing elements are generally difficult to install, asthey must not only be physically connected to the roof in a manner thatprovides weather protection but also be electrically interconnected intoa wiring system to be connected to the elements of a larger photovoltaicgeneration system (e.g., inverters, batteries and meters). Suchinstallation often requires an electrical specialist to perform theelectrical interconnections, which can be difficult to timeappropriately with the physical installation of the photovoltaic roofingelements. Moreover, relatively large voltage differences (e.g., 100-600V) are created in many photovoltaic roofing systems. As such, it isdesirable to protect the electrical interconnections from the weather soas to avoid arcing and short circuits.

Accordingly, there remains a need for photovoltaic roofing systemshaving ease of both physical and electrical installability and in whichelectrical interconnections are protected from the weather.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention is a photovoltaic roofing wiring array foruse with a plurality of photovoltaic roofing elements, each photovoltaicroofing element having a positive lead terminated in a positiveconnector and a negative lead terminated in a negative connector, and alead-to-lead distance between the positive connector and the negativeconnector, the photovoltaic roofing wiring array comprising

-   -   a positive parallel wiring run, the positive parallel wiring run        comprising a main line and one or more connection branches        pendant from the main line, each connection branch being        terminated in a positive connector; and    -   a negative parallel wiring run, the negative parallel wiring run        comprising a main line and one or more connection branches        pendant from the main line, each connection branch being        terminated in a negative connector,

wherein each positive connector is coupleable to the positive connectorsof the photovoltaic roofing elements; and wherein each negativeconnector is coupleable to the negative connectors of the photovoltaicroofing elements.

Another aspect of the present invention is a photovoltaic roofing wiringarray as described above, further comprising

-   -   one or more series wiring runs, each series wiring run        comprising a sequence of one or more wiring elements, each        wiring element having a positive end terminated in a positive        connector coupleable to the positive connector of the        photovoltaic roofing elements, and a negative end terminated in        a negative connector coupleable to the negative connector of the        photovoltaic roofing elements, the sequence being disposed        sequentially in a substantially head-to-tail fashion from a        positive connector of the positive parallel wiring run to a        negative connector of the negative parallel wiring run, wherein        the negative connector of a first wiring element in the sequence        is disposed within one lead-to-lead distance of the positive        connector of the positive parallel wiring run; the positive        connector of a last wiring element in the sequence is disposed        within one lead-to-lead distance of the negative connector of        the negative parallel wiring run; and for any other wiring        elements in the sequence, the positive connector is within one        lead-to-lead distance of the negative connector of the        subsequent wiring element; and the negative connector is within        one lead-to-lead distance of the positive connector of the        previous wiring element.

Another aspect of the present invention is a roof comprising a roof deckand a photovoltaic roofing wiring array as described above disposed onthe roof deck.

Another aspect of the invention is a photovoltaic roofing wiring systemcomprising a wiring substrate and a wiring array as described abovedisposed on or within the wiring substrate.

Another aspect of the invention is a roof comprising a photovoltaicroofing wiring system as described above disposed on a roof deck.

Another aspect of the invention is a roof comprising:

-   -   a roof frame;    -   a wiring substrate disposed on the roof deck;    -   a wiring array disposed on or within the wiring substrate, the        wiring array comprising        -   a positive parallel wiring run, the positive parallel wiring            run comprising a main line and one or more connection            branches pendant from the main line, each connection branch            being terminated in a positive connector;        -   a negative parallel wiring run, the negative parallel wiring            run comprising a main line and one or more connection            branches pendant from the main line, each connection branch            being terminated in a negative connector;        -   one or more series wiring runs, each series wiring run            comprising a first end wiring element having a positive end            terminated in a positive connector and a negative end            terminated in a negative connector; a second end wiring            element having a positive end terminated in a positive            connector and a negative end terminated in a negative            connector; and a sequence of one or more interior wiring            elements, each having a positive end terminated in a            positive connector and a negative end terminated in a            negative connector, arranged in a substantially head-to-tail            manner from the first end wiring element to the second end            wiring element;    -   one or more first end photovoltaic roofing elements, each first        end photovoltaic roofing element comprising a roofing substrate,        a photovoltaic element disposed on or within the roofing        substrate, the photovoltaic element having a positive lead        terminated in a positive connector, the positive connector being        coupled to a positive connector of a connection branch of the        positive parallel wiring run; and a negative lead terminated in        a negative connector, the negative connector being coupled to        the negative connector of the first end wiring element of the        series wiring run corresponding to the positive connector of the        connection branch; and    -   one or more second end photovoltaic roofing elements, each        second end photovoltaic roofing element comprising a roofing        substrate; and a photovoltaic element disposed on or within the        roofing substrate, the photovoltaic element having a negative        lead terminated in a negative connector, the negative connector        being coupled to a negative connector of a connection branch of        the negative parallel wiring run; and a positive lead terminated        in a positive connector, the positive connector being coupled to        the positive connector of the second end wiring element        corresponding to the negative connector of the connection        branch.

Another aspect of the invention is a roof as described above, furtherincluding

-   -   one or more interior photovoltaic roofing elements, each        interior photovoltaic roofing element comprising a roofing        substrate; and a photovoltaic element disposed on or within the        roofing substrate, the photovoltaic element having a positive        lead terminated in a positive connector, the positive connector        being coupled to a positive connector of the first end wiring        element or an interior wiring element; and a negative lead        terminated in a negative connector, the negative connector being        coupled to the negative connector corresponding to the positive        connector.

The present invention results in a number of advantages over the priorart. For example, the photovoltaic roofing wiring systems of the presentinvention can be installed by an installer who is relatively unskilledin the field of electrical interconnection. Moreover, the photovoltaicroofing wiring systems of the present invention can be constructed fromindividual modular parts, allowing the skilled artisan flexibility inaccommodating any roof size or shape, and any size or shape ofphotovoltaic elements. Additional features and advantages of theinvention will be set forth in the detailed description which followsand in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art fromthe description or recognized by practicing the invention as describedin the written description and claims hereof, as well as in the appendeddrawings.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are merely exemplary of theinvention, and are intended to provide an overview or framework forunderstanding the nature and character of the invention as it isclaimed.

The accompanying drawings are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification. The drawings are not necessarily to scale,and sizes of various elements can be distorted for clarity. The drawingsillustrate one or more embodiment(s) of the invention, and together withthe description serve to explain the principles and operation of theinvention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of a photovoltaic element suitable foruse with the photovoltaic roofing wiring arrays of the presentinvention;

FIG. 2 is a top perspective view of a photovoltaic roofing elementsuitable for use with the photovoltaic roofing wiring arrays of thepresent invention;

FIG. 3 is a top view of a photovoltaic roofing wiring array according toone embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a top view of a photovoltaic roofing wiring array in which themain lines of the parallel wiring runs run along a common path,according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a top view of a photovoltaic roofing wiring array includingone wiring element in a series wiring run, according to one embodimentof the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a top view of a photovoltaic roofing wiring array includingtwo wiring elements in a series wiring run, according to one embodimentof the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a top view of a photovoltaic roofing wiring array includingfive wiring elements in a series wiring runs, according to oneembodiment of the present invention

FIG. 8 is a top view of a photovoltaic roofing wiring array in which thewiring elements of a series wiring run are physically interconnected,according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a top view of a photovoltaic roofing wiring array in whicheach positive connector is affixed to its corresponding negativeconnector;

FIG. 10 is a top view of a photovoltaic roofing wiring array in whichthe main lines of the parallel wiring runs run along a common path, andthe series wiring run extends physically away from the parallel wiringruns and loops back, according to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 11 is a top view of a photovoltaic roofing wiring array in whichthe parallel wiring runs and the one or more series wiring runs all runsubstantially along the same path, according to one embodiment of theinvention; and

FIG. 12 is a partial top perspective view of a roof according to anotherembodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention comprises a photovoltaic roofing wiringarray configured for use with a photovoltaic element, an example ofwhich is shown in top perspective view in FIG. 1. Photovoltaic element106 includes a positive lead 108 terminated in a positive connector 110,and a negative lead 112 terminated in a negative connector 114. As shownin FIG. 1, the positive and negative leads may extend from thephotovoltaic element. Alternatively, as the skilled artisan wouldappreciate, they can be integrally formed with the rest of thephotovoltaic element, with the connectors mounted directly on thesurface of the element. The lead-to-lead distance 116 is the distancespanning the connectorized ends of the leads of a single photovoltaicelement. If one or both leads are flexible, the lead-to-lead distance isa range of distances, with a lower limit being the distance between theconnectorized ends when they are brought together in closest proximityand an upper limit being the distance between the connectorized endswhen they are separated as far apart as possible. The limits of therange (both lower and upper) depend upon the length of the leads, thedistance between the points at which the leads attached to thephotovoltaic element, and the flexibility of the leads. Examples ofphotovoltaic elements that can be adapted by the skilled artisan for usewith the present invention include those available from China ElectricEquipment Group of Nanjing, China, as well as from several domesticsuppliers such as Uni-Solar, Sharp, Shell Solar, BP Solar, USFC,FirstSolar, General Electric, Schott Solar, Evergreen Solar and GlobalSolar.

One example of a desirable photovoltaic element for use with the presentinvention is a photovoltaic roofing element. In the embodiment shown intop perspective view in FIG. 2, photovoltaic roofing element 202includes a roofing substrate 204, and a photovoltaic element 206disposed on or integrated with the roofing substrate 204. Thephotovoltaic element has a positive lead 208 terminated in a positiveconnector 210, and a negative lead 212 terminated in a negativeconnector 214. The lead-to-lead distance 216 is the distance spanningthe connectorized ends of the leads of a single photovoltaic roofingelement. As the skilled artisan will appreciate, the roofing substratemay take many forms, including a shingle, a tile, a shake or a panel.For example, in certain embodiments of the invention the roofingsubstrate is an asphalt shingle. Examples of photovoltaic roofingelements which can be adapted by the skilled artisan for use with thepresent invention include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,040,867,5,437,735, 5,590,495, 5,990,414, 6,155,006 and 6,311,436; U.S. PatentApplication Publication nos. 2004/0000334, 2005/0178428 and2006/0266406; U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 11/412,160 and11/456,200; and the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/742,909 entitled“PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES AND PHOTOVOLTAIC ROOFING ELEMENTS INCLUDINGGRANULES, AND ROOFS USING THEM,” filed on May 1, 2007, each of which ishereby incorporated herein by reference.

As the skilled artisan will appreciate, the photovoltaic elements andphotovoltaic roofing elements used in the present invention can includea bypass diode that connects the positive lead and the negative lead.The bypass diode allows current to flow between the positive lead andthe negative lead when a fault, a loss of illumination or a malfunctionoccurs in the photovoltaic cell(s) of the photovoltaic element orphotovoltaic roofing element. The bypass diode serves to cut aphotovoltaic element or photovoltaic roofing element out of thephotovoltaic power generation system when it malfunctions.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the positive leads and thenegative leads include wires or cables that extend from the bulk of thephotovoltaic element or photovoltaic roofing element. However, as theskilled artisan will recognize, the photovoltaic elements andphotovoltaic roofing elements used in practicing the present branchesneed not have actual wires or cables as the positive and negative leads.Rather, the positive leads and negative leads can be integral to thephotovoltaic element or photovoltaic roofing element, with the positiveconnector and negative connector being mounted directly on the surfaceof the photovoltaic element or photovoltaic roofing element.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the photovoltaic roofingelement has a channel or void space formed on its underside adapted tofit the wires and/or connectors of the photovoltaic roofing wiringsystems of the present invention. For example, when the photovoltaicroofing element is an asphalt shingle, additional layers ofasphalt-coated web material can be applied to the back side of theshingle in certain areas, leaving the back side of the shingle with adesired channel or void space. Molding techniques may also be used tocreate the desired channel or void space. As the skilled artisan wouldappreciate, when such a photovoltaic roofing element is installed it canbe disposed, for example, so that the channel accepts part of thephotovoltaic wiring array, leads and connectors connecting apreviously-laid photovoltaic roofing element to the photovoltaic wiringarray. Such channels or voids enable hiding the wiring array or portionsthereof from view when the photovoltaic roofing wiring system isinstalled.

One embodiment of the invention is shown in schematic view in FIG. 3.Photovoltaic roofing wiring array 300 includes a positive parallelwiring run 322 and a negative parallel wiring run 332. These twoparallel wiring runs form the backbone of the photovoltaic roofingwiring array, and in use are usually connected to the power handlinghardware of a photovoltaic power generation system. They may, forexample, be respectively connected to the positive and negativeterminals of an inverter, as would be appreciated by the skilledartisan. Each of the positive parallel wiring run 322 and the negativeparallel wiring run 332 includes a main line (324 and 334, respectively)and one or more connection branches (326 and 336, respectively) pendantfrom the main line. Each connection branch is terminated in a connector;on the positive parallel wiring run 322, the connection branches 326 areterminated in positive connectors 328, while on the negative parallelwiring run 332, the connection branches 336 are terminated in negativeconnectors 338. As the skilled artisan will appreciate, the connectionbranches need not include lengths of wiring pendant from the main lineas shown in FIG. 3. Rather, the connection branch may simply be aconnector connected in parallel on the main line itself.

The positive connectors of the positive parallel wiring run arecoupleable with the positive connectors of the photovoltaic roofingelements to be used with the photovoltaic roofing wiring array.Similarly, the negative connectors of the negative parallel wiring runare coupleable with the negative connectors of the photovoltaic roofingelements. As used herein, when connectors are “coupleable” they can beconnected so as to form an electrically-conductive connection betweenthem. As the skilled artisan will appreciate, many types of electricalconnectors are suitable for use in the present invention. In certaindesirable embodiments of the invention, the connectors arequick-disconnect connectors.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a photovoltaic roofing wiring array 400according to another embodiment of the invention. Instead of beingdisposed apart as shown in FIG. 3, the main lines 424 and 434 run alonga common path. In certain embodiments of the invention, the main lines424 and 434 are physically connected (though electrically isolated fromone another), either as two individual cables affixed to one another(e.g. as a bundle of cables), or as a pair of individual conductorswithin a single cable. When the main lines 424 and 434 run along acommon path, and especially when they are affixed to one another orformed in a single cable, they can be more easily routed and installed.

In the embodiments of FIGS. 3 and 4, there are no series wiring runsdisposed between a positive connector of the parallel wiring run and itscorresponding negative connector. In these embodiments of the invention,each positive connector is within one lead-to-lead distance of itscorresponding negative connector, so that a photovoltaic element can beconnected between them. For example, in FIG. 4, photovoltaic element 402has a positive lead terminated in a positive connector, and a negativelead terminated in a negative connector. The positive connector 410 ofphotovoltaic element 402 is connected with one positive connector 428 ofthe positive parallel wiring run 422, and the negative connector 414 ofphotovoltaic element 402 is connected with the corresponding negativeconnector 438 of the negative parallel wiring run 438. In this way,photovoltaic elements can be electrically connected to the wiring arrayto form part of a parallel-configured photovoltaic power generationsystem.

The parallel wiring runs can be configured in any desired arrangement.For example, the parallel wiring runs may run in a zig-zag fashion or aswitchback fashion, so as to interconnect multiple courses ofphotovoltaic elements.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the photovoltaic roofing wiringarray further includes one or more series wiring runs. For example, inFIGS. 5, 6 and 7 photovoltaic roofing wiring arrays 500, 600 and 700include not only parallel wiring runs 522 and 532, 622 and 632 and 722and 732, but also one or more series wiring runs 540, 640 and 740. Eachseries wiring run includes a sequence of one or more wiring elements550, 650 and 750 a-e each of which has a positive end terminated in apositive connector 554, 654 and 754 a-e and a negative end terminated ina negative connector 558, 658 and 758 a-e. As with the parallel wiringruns, the positive connectors of the series wiring runs are coupleablewith the positive connectors of the photovoltaic elements. Similarly,the negative connectors of the series wiring runs are coupleable withthe negative connectors of the photovoltaic elements. The series wiringruns 540, 640 and 740 include a sequence of wiring elements disposedsequentially in a substantially head-to-tail fashion from a positiveconnector 528, 628 and 728 of the positive parallel wiring run 522, 622and 722 to a negative connector 538, 638 and 738 of the negativeparallel wiring run. As shown in series wiring run 740 of FIG. 7, thenegative connector 758 a of the first wiring element 750 in the sequenceis disposed within one lead-to-lead distance of the positive connector728 of the positive parallel wiring run, so that a photovoltaic elementcan be connected therebetween. Similarly, the positive connector 754 eof the last wiring element 750 e in the sequence is disposed within onelead-to-lead distance of the negative connector of the negative parallelwiring run. For the other wiring elements in the sequence, the positiveconnector is within one lead-to-lead distance of the negative connectorof the subsequent wiring element, and the negative connector is withinone lead-to-lead distance of the positive connector of the previouswiring element. For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 7, the positiveconnector 754 c of wiring element 750 c is within one lead-to-leaddistance of the negative connector 758 d of wiring element 750 d, andthe negative connector 758 c of wiring element 750 c is within onelead-to-lead distance of the positive connector 754 b of wiring element750 b.

In certain embodiments of the invention, a series wiring run will haveonly a single wiring element in its sequence of wiring elements. Forexample, in the embodiment of FIG. 5, series wiring run 540 consists ofa sequence of one series wiring element 550. Wiring element 550 istherefore both the first wiring element and the last wiring element inthe sequence running from the positive connector 528 of the positiveparallel wiring run to the negative connector 538 of the negativeparallel wiring run. Accordingly, the negative connector 558 of wiringelement 550 is disposed within one lead-to-lead distance of positiveconnector 528, and the positive connector 554 of wiring element 550 isdisposed within one lead-to-lead distance of negative connector 538.

In other embodiments of the invention, a series wiring run will comprisea first end wiring element, a second end wiring element, and a sequenceof one or more interior wiring elements. For example, in the embodimentshown in FIG. 7, series wiring run 740 includes a first end wiringelement 750 having a positive end terminated in a positive connector 754a, and a negative end terminated in a negative connector 758 a disposedwithin one lead-to-lead distance of positive connector 728 of thepositive parallel wiring run 722. Series wiring run 740 also includes asecond end wiring element 750 e having a positive end terminated in apositive connector 754 e disposed within one lead-to-lead distance ofnegative connector 738 of the positive parallel wiring run 732, and anegative end terminated in a negative connector 558. Series wiring run740 further includes a sequence of three interior wiring elements 750 b,750 c and 750 d, each having a positive end terminated in a positiveconnector (754 b, 754 c, 754 d) and a negative end terminated in anegative connector (758 b, 758 c, 758 d). The three interior wiringelements are disposed sequentially in a substantially head-to-tailfashion from the first end wiring element to the second end wiringelement, with each positive connector being within one lead-to-leaddistance of the negative connector of the subsequent wiring element inthe sequence, and each negative connector being within one lead-to-leaddistance of the negative connector of the previous wiring element in thesequence. While the embodiments shown in the figures have only up tofive wiring elements in their series wiring runs, the skilled artisanwill realize that in practice it can be desirable to connect tens oreven hundreds of photovoltaic elements in series. Accordingly, in oneembodiment of the invention, each series wiring run includes at leastten, at least fifty, or at least one hundred wiring elements in eachseries wiring run.

It can be desirable to physically (but not electrically) interconnectindividual wiring elements of a series wiring run. A physicalinterconnection can help retain the individual wiring elements in adesired spatial relationship, as well as simplify installation. Forexample, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, each individual wiringelement of series wiring run 840 a is affixed to a continuous guidingelement 860 a. The guiding element can be made, for example, out ofplastic, wire, rope, metal, wood (e.g. lath or strip). Each wiringelement can be affixed to the continuous guiding element at one point,at two or more points, or along a length of the wiring element, withglue, wire, plastic wiring ties, string, tape, or any other convenientaffixing method.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the physical interconnectioncontinues to connect the wiring elements of the series wiring runs withthe positive parallel wiring run and the negative parallel wiring run.For example, in series wiring run 840 b of FIG. 8, the continuousguiding element 860 b physically interconnects the wiring elements ofthe series wiring run 840 b with the parallel wiring runs 822 and 832.In such embodiments of the invention, a photovoltaic wiring array for asection of roof can be provided as a single physically interconnectedunit. In one embodiment of the invention, the continuous guiding elementis part of an electrical grounding system, especially suitable for usewith photovoltaic elements and photovoltaic roofing elements thatrequire electrical grounding.

In another embodiment of the invention, the physical interconnectionsdescribed above include bypass diodes electrically interconnecting theindividual wiring elements with one another and with the parallel wiringruns. The bypass diodes would provide alternative electrical paths ifthe any of the attached photovoltaic elements develop a fault ormalfunction. Such a wiring array would be especially desirable for usewith photovoltaic elements and photovoltaic roofing elements which donot themselves include a bypass diode.

In certain embodiments of the invention, a positive connector and acorresponding negative connector (i.e., within the lead-to-lead distanceof one another) can be affixed (though electrically isolated) to oneanother. For example, the positive connector of at least one connectionbranch of a positive parallel wiring run might be affixed to thenegative connector of a first end wiring element of its correspondingseries wiring run. Similarly, the negative connector of at least oneconnection branch of a negative parallel wiring run might be affixed tothe positive connector of a second end wiring element of itscorresponding series wiring run. In certain embodiments of theinvention, in one or more series wiring runs, the negative connector ofat least one wiring element is affixed to its corresponding positiveconnector; and the positive connector of at least one wiring element isaffixed to its corresponding negative connector. For example, in theembodiment shown in FIG. 9, series wiring run 940 includes a first endwiring element 950 a having a negative end terminated in a negativeconnector 958 a, which is affixed to the positive connector 928 ofpositive parallel wiring run 922, and a positive end terminated in apositive connector 954 a. Series wiring run 940 also includes a singleinterior wiring element 950 b, having a negative end terminated in anegative connector 958 b, which is affixed to the positive connector 954a of first end wiring element 950 a, and a positive end terminated in apositive connector 954 b. Series wiring run 940 also includes a secondend wiring element 950 c, having a negative end terminated in a negativeconnector 958 c, which is affixed to the positive connector 954 b ofinterior wiring element 950 b, and a positive end terminated in apositive connector 954 c affixed to the negative connector 938 ofnegative parallel wiring run 932. In certain embodiments of theinvention, a bypass diode electrically connects the physically connectednegative connector and positive connector, so as to provide analternative electrical path if the attached photovoltaic elementdevelops a fault or malfunction.

Affixed connectors can provide a number of advantages. For example,affixing connectors can provide physical interconnection, which isdesirable from the standpoint of maintaining spatial relationships andsimplifying installation. As the skilled artisan will recognize, not allconnectors along a series wiring run need to be affixed to one another.A long series wiring run might consist of a few sets of wiring elementswith affixed connectors, with a few unaffixed wiring elements disposedbetween them or at the ends of the wiring runs. Similarly, theconnectors of the parallel wiring runs need not be affixed to anyconnectors of the series wiring runs. In this way, series wiring runs ofdifferent lengths can be made from only a few standardized parts (e.g.,a single wiring element, a run of three wiring elements with affixedinternal connectors, a run of ten wiring elements with affixed internalconnectors, and a run of thirty wiring elements with affixed internalconnectors).

As the skilled artisan will recognize, an affixed pair of connectors canbe formed by gluing or tying two individual connectors together.Alternatively, a positive connector and a negative connector can beformed in a unitary piece, adapted to connectorize two conductors (e.g.,the positive end of one wiring element and the negative end of anadjacent wiring element). Such unitary connectors can be especiallydesirable for use with embodiments of the invention in which thephotovoltaic roofing elements have similarly unitary connectors becausethe connection of each photovoltaic element to the photovoltaic roofingwiring array would require the coupling of only one pair of connectors.

When the series wiring elements are physically interconnected (andespecially when they are physically connected with the parallel wiringruns), the photovoltaic wiring arrays of the present invention can beprovided as substantially prefabricated systems. In such systems, theinstaller need not individually arrange all the individual components onthe roof, but rather need merely lay out the substantially prefabricatedsystems.

In the embodiments of the invention discussed with reference to FIGS.5-9, the parallel wiring runs are spaced apart, with the series wiringruns physically disposed between them. However, in some embodiments ofthe invention it can be desirable for the parallel wiring runs tophysically run along a common path. For example, in the embodiment shownin FIG. 10, positive parallel wiring run 1022 and negative parallelwiring run 1032 run right next to each other, with series wiring run1040 extending physically away from them then looping back. In theembodiment shown in FIG. 10, each of the series wiring runs can provideelectrical connection for two courses of photovoltaic elements. Ofcourse, as the skilled artisan will appreciate, the series wiring runscan be disposed in a switchback fashion in order to interconnect morecourses of photovoltaic elements. As described above, the parallelwiring runs can be physically connected to one another. As will be clearto those of ordinary skill in the art, the series wiring runs can bephysically disposed in any of a number configurations with respect tothe parallel wiring runs but are electrically disposed between them(i.e., together with the photovoltaic roofing elements forming anelectrical circuit with the parallel wiring runs).

In another embodiment of the invention, the positive parallel wiringrun, the negative parallel wiring run and the one or more series wiringruns are all disposed substantially along the same path. For example, incertain embodiments of the invention the parallel wiring runs and theone or more series wiring runs are all affixed to one another. Forexample, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 11, the parallel wiring runsand three series wiring runs are formed together as a single bundle ofcables. Positive parallel wiring run 1122 and negative parallel wiringrun 1132 are disposed in a switchback fashion. Series wiring runs 1140a, 1140 b and 1140 c run substantially along the same path as theparallel wiring runs 1122 and 1132. Each wiring element 1150 is bundledtogether with the parallel wiring runs 1122 and 1132, with theirconnectorized ends extending slightly away from the bundle. In theembodiment shown in FIG. 11, each positive connector is separate fromits corresponding negative connector; the skilled artisan willappreciate that any desirable connectorization can be used, includingthose in which the positive connectors are affixed to theircorresponding negative connectors. In certain embodiments of theinvention, the parallel wiring runs and series wiring runs are builttogether in a single cable structure, with the connectors protrudingfrom the cable. Embodiments of the invention analogous to those shown inFIG. 11 can be especially useful when the length of each series wiringruns is not a multiple (in units of photovoltaic roofing elements) ofthe length of a course of photovoltaic elements. For example, in theembodiment of FIG. 11, each course of photovoltaic elements wouldinclude three such elements; but each series wiring run can interconnectfour photovoltaic elements into the photovoltaic roofing wiring system.

The skilled artisan will appreciate that the photovoltaic roofing wiringarrays of the present invention can be assembled in a wide variety ofconfigurations from a stock of premade standard parts. Accordingly, thepresent invention provides flexibility to the skilled artisan inaccommodating any roof size or shape, and any size or shape ofphotovoltaic elements.

The wire and connector components used in the present invention can beselected by the skilled artisan based on such factors as power handlingability, cost and form factor. The series wiring runs can build uppotential differences of several hundred Volts apiece, and the overallsystem can generate, for example, 2-10 Amperes at a potential differenceof several hundred Volts. As the skilled artisan will recognize, in manysituations it is desirable to run a photovoltaic power generation systemat relatively higher voltages and relatively lower currents, in order tominimize the thickness of wires and cables needed to safely transmit thegenerated power. Accordingly, the wire and connector components shouldbe rated to withstand such conditions, and are desirably UL and NECapproved for exterior use. The connectors are desirably quick-disconnectconnectors. The positive connectors can be of a different type entirelythan the negative connectors, or can be of similar types. However, whenthe positive and negative connectors are of similar types, they aredesirably selected so that it is impossible to couple a negativeconnector of a photovoltaic element with a positive connector of thephotovoltaic wiring array, and a positive connector of a photovoltaicelement with a negative connector of the photovoltaic wiring array. Incertain embodiments of the invention, the negative connectors of thephotovoltaic wiring array are selected to be coupleable with thepositive connectors of the photovoltaic wiring array; in suchembodiments, a connector of a series wiring run can be coupled to itscorresponding connector in order to omit a photovoltaic element thatwould normally be connected therebetween. For example, the negativeconnectors of the photovoltaic wiring array and the positive connectorsof the photovoltaic elements could be male connectors; and the positiveconnectors of the photovoltaic wiring array and the negative connectorsof the photovoltaic elements could be female connectors. The wires,cables and connectors are desirably made from weather resistantmaterials, and desirably form water-tight connections with one another.Examples of suitable cable and connectors systems include the SOLARLOKInterconnection System available from Tyco Electronics, and thephotovoltaic connectors and cables available from Multi-Contact USA.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a roof comprising aroof deck and a photovoltaic roofing wiring array as described abovedisposed on the roof deck. There can be one or more layers of materialbetween the roof deck and the photovoltaic roofing wiring array. Forexample, the photovoltaic roofing wiring array can be installed on topof an existing roof; in such embodiments, there would be one or morelayers of roofing elements (e.g., asphalt coated shingles) between theroof deck and the photovoltaic wiring array.

Another aspect of the present invention comprises a photovoltaic roofingwiring system including a photovoltaic roofing wiring array as describedabove disposed on or within a wiring substrate. The wiring substrate canbe, for example, a sheet of underlay material; an underlay platform,optionally with channels formed in it to receive the photovoltaicroofing wiring system; or a rigid frame, optionally with channels formedin it to receive the photovoltaic roofing wiring system. Wiringsubstrates for use in the present invention can be flexible, semi-rigid,or rigid, and can be provided as a series of panels or strips ofmaterial to be assembled on the roof by the installer. In one embodimentof the invention, the wiring substrate is a rolled roofing material,such as a membrane material or a coated paper material or a non-wovenweb material.

In one embodiment of the invention, the wiring substrate is formed fromone or more sheets of roofing underlay material. The roofing underlaymaterial can be formed from, for example, a polymeric material, anon-woven fabric such as a roofing felt, a roofing membrane, a scrimmaterial or a coated paper. As the skilled artisan will recognize, theunderlay material can be conveniently supplied in roll form. The skilledartisan will recognize that many different types of underlay materialscan be used in the present invention, including those that may helpretard the spread of fire. The wiring array can be affixed to theunderlay material (and optionally to a roof deck on which thephotovoltaic roofing wiring system is installed) using any desirablefasteners. For example, the photovoltaic roofing wiring array can beaffixed to the underlay material by wiring holders (e.g., brackets,staples, nails, screws) affixed through the underlay material and intothe roof deck. Alternatively, the photovoltaic roofing wiring array canbe affixed to the underlay material by adhesive tape or an adhesivematerial. In many embodiments of the invention, the photovoltaicelements themselves will provide additional structural stability to thephotovoltaic roofing wiring array. In these embodiments, thephotovoltaic roofing system wiring array need not be permanently affixedto the underlay material, so adhesive tape can be used to temporarilyaffix the photovoltaic roofing wiring array to the underlay materialuntil the photovoltaic roofing elements are installed.

In another embodiment of the invention, the wiring substrate is anunderlay platform. The underlay platform can be formed from anydesirable material, for example a polymeric material, fiber cement,fiberglass, chipboard or wood, and can be flexible, semi-rigid, orrigid. The underlay platform can be made from a single sheet ofmaterial, or rather can be assembled from a plurality of panels. In oneembodiment of the invention, for example, the underlay platform is madefrom a plurality of structural insulated panels. The underlay platformcan have channels formed in it, with the photovoltaic roofing wiringarray being disposed within the channels. The channels would provideguidance to an installer in arranging the photovoltaic roofing wiringarray, so that he or she need not have intimate knowledge of theelectrical system. The channels can also help provide a relatively flatsurface for the subsequent installation of the photovoltaic roofingelements; if the photovoltaic roofing wiring array does not protrudesubstantially past the face of the underlay board, then the photovoltaicroofing elements can be installed without the need for the photovoltaicroofing elements themselves to provide a recess for the elements of thephotovoltaic roofing wiring array. The underlay platform can also have avoid space within it or on its underside to provide insulation, coolingand/or fireproofing, for example as described in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,338,369, 6,061,978 and 6,800,801, each of which is hereby incorporatedherein by reference. The underlay platform can be provided with hooks,clips, slots, nailholes, or other structures to be used in thesubsequent attachment of photovoltaic roofing elements, for example asdescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,521,821, 6,245,987 and 6,155,006, each ofwhich is hereby incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodimentsof the invention, the underlay platform is of sufficient thickness andstrength to be load bearing, so that no separate roof deck is required.In such embodiments of the invention, the underlay platform can beattached directly to a roof frame, so that it also performs the functionof a roof deck or roof cladding. In another embodiment of the invention,the underlay platform forms a waterproof layer, thereby performing thefunction of conventional underlayment. The underlay platform can beaffixed to the roof using any desirable method. For example, theunderlay platform can be mechanically attached to the roof, or adheredusing an adhesive material.

In another embodiment of the invention, the wiring substrate is a rigidframe. The rigid frame can be formed, for example, from plastic, wood ormetal (e.g., in the form of lath, strips or battens), and can be, forexample, prefabricated or assembled on the roof from rail-like parts.The frame can be formed, for example, as a physically-interconnectedgrid, or as a series of linear structures physically affixed separatelyto the roof deck. In one embodiment of the invention, the rigid framehas channels formed in it, and the photovoltaic roofing wiring array isdisposed within the channels. In another embodiment, the rigid frame hasa plurality of wiring clips, and the photovoltaic roofing wiring arrayis held by the clips. Of course, the skilled artisan will appreciatethat other methods, such as plastic wire ties, can be used to physicallyinterconnect the photovoltaic roofing wiring array with the rigid frame.The frame can also have features (e.g. clips, holes, ridges) for theattachment of tiles. Examples of frames that can be adapted for use inthe present invention are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.4,936,063; 5,125,983 and 6,065,255 and U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication no. 2004/0000334, each of which is hereby incorporatedherein by reference.

In some embodiments of the invention, the wiring substrate is marked(e.g., by printing) with indicia for the placement and/or connection ofa photovoltaic roofing wiring array. The installer can use the indiciain arranging the photovoltaic roofing wiring array on the roof and/orconnecting it with photovoltaic elements, thereby simplifyinginstallation. For example, the installer can arrange the photovoltaicroofing wiring array so that it is disposed substantially in accordance(i.e., matches up with) the indicia. In these embodiments of theinvention, the installer need not have intimate knowledge of theelectrical system, but rather need only follow the guidelines providedby the wiring substrate. Similarly, in some embodiments of theinvention, the wiring substrate is marked (e.g., by printing) withindicia for the placement of photovoltaic elements or photovoltaicroofing elements. Such markings can obviate the need for roofinginstallers to snap chalk lines or otherwise mark the surface withguidelines for placement of roofing elements (i.e., photovoltaic roofingelements or standard roofing elements such as shingles or tiles). Incertain embodiments of the invention, the wiring substrate is markedwith both of the above-described types of indicia. As the skilledartisan will appreciate, when the wiring substrate is built from aplurality of individual elements (e.g., a plurality of panels), it willbe necessary for the elements to be properly aligned to one another sothat the indicia are properly registered between the individualelements.

Another aspect of the invention provides a roof. One embodimentaccording to this aspect of the invention is shown in partial top viewin FIG. 12. A roof 1270 includes a roof frame 1280, and a wiringsubstrate 1282 disposed on the roof frame. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 12, the wiring substrate is an underlay platform having sufficientstrength and rigidity that it can perform the function of a roof deck,and therefore is disposed directly on the roof frame. The skilledartisan will appreciate that any desirable wiring substrate can be usedin the roofs according to this aspect of the invention, and that theroof may include a roof deck between the roof frame and the wiringsubstrate. A wiring array 1200 is disposed on the wiring substrate 1282.As the skilled artisan will appreciate, in certain embodiments accordingto this aspect of the invention the wiring array is instead disposedwithin the wiring substrate (e.g., within channels formed in a rigidframe in underlay board; or running underneath wiring substrate with theconnectors running through to the top side of the wiring substrate). Asdescribed above, wiring array 1200 includes a positive parallel wiringrun 1222 and a negative parallel wiring run 1232, each of which includesa main line and one or more connection branches pendant from the mainline. The connection branches of the positive parallel wiring runs areterminated in positive connectors, and the connection branches of thenegative parallel wiring runs are terminated in negative connectors.Likewise, wiring array 1200 also includes one or more series wiring runs1240, each comprising a first end wiring element having a first endwiring element having a positive end terminated in a positive connectorand a negative end terminated in a negative connector; a second endwiring element having a positive end terminated in a positive connectorand a negative end terminated in a negative connector; and a sequence ofinterior wiring elements, each having a positive end terminated in apositive connector and a negative end terminated in a negativeconnector, arranged in a substantially head-to-tail manner from thefirst end wiring element to the second end wiring element. The roof 1270also includes one or more first end photovoltaic roofing elements 1284,each of which includes a photovoltaic element disposed on or within aroofing substrate. The photovoltaic element of each first endphotovoltaic roofing element includes a positive lead terminated in apositive connector, and a negative lead terminated in a negativeconnector. The positive connector is coupled to a positive connector ofa connection branch of the positive parallel wiring run, and thenegative connector is coupled to the negative connector of thecorresponding series wiring element. The roof 1270 further includes oneor more second end photovoltaic roofing elements 1286, each of whichincludes a photovoltaic element disposed on or within a roofingsubstrate. The photovoltaic element of each second end photovoltaicroofing element includes a negative lead terminated in a negativeconnector, and a positive lead terminated in a positive connector. Thenegative connector is coupled to a negative connector of a connectionbranch of the negative parallel wiring run, and the positive connectoris coupled to the positive connector of the corresponding series wiringelement. Finally, in certain embodiments of the invention, the roof 1270of FIG. 12 further includes one or more interior photovoltaic roofingelements 1288, each of which includes a photovoltaic element disposed onor within a roofing substrate. In certain embodiments of the invention,the photovoltaic roofing elements have void space on their back side toaccept any protruding parts of the photovoltaic wiring system andphotovoltaic elements it sits upon. For example, second end photovoltaicroofing element 1286 a has a channel 1292 formed in its underside toaccept the lead, connectors, and connection branch it sits upon. As theskilled artisan would recognize, different courses of photovoltaicroofing elements could overlap one another to provide added weatherprotection as shown in FIG. 12. Moreover, the roof may also include oneor more standard (i.e., non-photovoltaic) roofing elements 1290, forexample to provide weather protection at the edges of the roof, or inany hips, valleys, and ridges of the roof.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made to the present inventionwithout departing from the scope of the invention. Thus, it is intendedthat the present invention cover the modifications and variations ofthis invention provided they come within the scope of the appendedclaims and their equivalents.

1. A photovoltaic roofing wiring array for use with a plurality ofphotovoltaic roofing elements, each photovoltaic roofing element havinga positive lead terminated in a positive connector and a negative leadterminated in a negative connector, and a lead-to-lead distance betweenthe positive connector and the negative connector, the photovoltaicroofing wiring system comprising: a positive parallel wiring run, thepositive parallel wiring run comprising a main line and one or moreconnection branches pendant from the main line, each connection branchbeing terminated in a positive connector; and a negative parallel wiringrun, the negative parallel wiring run comprising a main line and one ormore connection branches pendant from the main line, each connectionbranch being terminated in a negative connector, wherein each positiveconnector is coupleable to the positive connectors of the photovoltaicroofing elements; and each negative connector is coupleable to thenegative connectors of the photovoltaic roofing elements.
 2. Thephotovoltaic roofing wiring array of claim 1, wherein the positiveconnectors and negative connectors are quick-disconnect connectors 3.The photovoltaic roofing wiring array of claim 1, further comprising:one or more series wiring runs, each series wiring run comprising asequence of one or more wiring elements, each wiring element having apositive end terminated in a positive connector coupleable to thepositive connector of the photovoltaic roofing elements, and a negativeend terminated in a negative connector coupleable to the negativeconnector of the photovoltaic roofing elements, the series wiring runsbeing disposed sequentially in a substantially head-to-tail fashion froma positive connector of the positive parallel wiring run to a negativeconnector of the negative parallel wiring run, wherein the negativeconnector of the first wiring element in the sequence is disposed withinone lead-to-lead distance of the positive connector of the positiveparallel wiring run; the positive connector of the last wiring elementin the sequence is disposed within one lead-to-lead distance of thenegative connector of the negative parallel wiring run; and for anyother wiring elements in the sequence, the positive connector is withinone lead-to-lead distance of the negative connector of the subsequentwiring element; and the negative connector is within one lead-to-leaddistance of the positive connector of the previous wiring element. 4.The photovoltaic roofing wiring array of claim 1, wherein the one ormore wiring elements of each series wiring run include: a first endwiring element having a positive end terminated in a positive connectorand a negative end terminated in a negative connector, the negativeconnector being disposed within one lead-to-lead distance of a positiveconnector of the positive parallel wiring run; a second end wiringelement having a positive end terminated in a positive connector and anegative end terminated in a negative connector, the positive connectorbeing disposed within one lead-to-lead distance of a negative connectorof the negative parallel wiring run; a sequence of one or more interiorwiring elements, each having a positive end terminated in a positiveconnector and a negative end terminated in a negative connector,disposed sequentially in a substantially head-to-tail fashion from thefirst end wiring element to the second end wiring element.
 5. Thephotovoltaic roofing wiring array of claim 3, wherein the wiringelements of each series wiring run are physically interconnected.
 6. Thephotovoltaic roofing wiring array of claim 5, wherein the wiringelements of each series wiring run are further interconnected with thepositive parallel wiring run and the negative parallel wiring run. 7.The photovoltaic roofing wiring array of claim 5, wherein the one ormore series wiring runs, the positive parallel wiring run and thenegative parallel wiring run are all disposed substantially along thesame path.
 8. The photovoltaic roofing wiring array of claim 1, whereinat least one positive connector is affixed to its corresponding negativeconnector.
 9. The photovoltaic roofing wiring array of claim 8, whereineach pair of affixed connectors is formed in a unitary piece.
 10. Thephotovoltaic roofing wiring array of claim 8, wherein the positiveconnector of at least one connection branch of the positive parallelwiring run is affixed to the negative connector of a first end wiringelement of its corresponding series wiring run.
 11. The photovoltaicroofing wiring array of claim 8, wherein the negative connector of eachconnection branch of the negative parallel wiring run is affixed to thepositive connector of a second end wiring element of its correspondingseries wiring run.
 12. The photovoltaic roofing wiring array of claim 1,wherein in one or more series wiring runs, the negative connector of atleast one wiring element is affixed to its corresponding positiveconnector; and the positive connector of at least one wiring element isaffixed to its corresponding negative connector.
 13. A roof comprisingthe photovoltaic roofing wiring array of claim 1 disposed on a roofdeck.
 14. A photovoltaic roofing wiring system comprising a wiringsubstrate; and a wiring array according to claim 1 disposed on or withinthe wiring substrate.
 15. The photovoltaic roofing wiring system ofclaim 14, wherein the wiring substrate is a rolled roofing material. 16.The photovoltaic roofing wiring system of claim 14, wherein the wiringsubstrate is a sheet of underlay material.
 17. The photovoltaic roofingwiring system of claim 14, wherein the wiring substrate is a rigidframe.
 18. The photovoltaic roofing wiring system of claim 14, whereinthe rigid frame includes one or more channels, and the wiring array isdisposed within the channels.
 19. The photovoltaic roofing wiring systemof claim 14, wherein the rigid frame has wiring clips attached thereto,and wherein the wiring array is held by the wiring clips.
 20. Thephotovoltaic roofing wiring system of claim 14, wherein the wiringsubstrate is an underlay platform.
 21. The photovoltaic roofing wiringsystem of claim 20, wherein the underlay platform has channels formedtherein, wherein the photovoltaic roofing wiring array is disposedwithin the channels.
 22. The photovoltaic roofing wiring system of claim20, wherein the underlay platform has a void space in its interior or onits underside.
 23. The photovoltaic roofing wiring system of claim 14,wherein the wiring substrate is marked with indicia for the placementand/or connection of a photovoltaic roofing wiring array.
 24. Thephotovoltaic roofing wiring system of claim 23, wherein the wiringsubstrate is a rolled roofing material.
 25. The photovoltaic roofingwiring system of claim 14, wherein the wiring substrate is marked withindicia for the placement of roofing elements.
 26. A roof comprising thephotovoltaic roofing wiring system of claim 14 affixed to a roof deck.27. The roof of claim 26, further comprising a plurality of photovoltaicelements, each photovoltaic element having: a positive lead extendingfrom the photovoltaic element and terminated in a positive connector,the positive connector being coupled to a positive connector of thephotovoltaic roofing wiring array; and a negative lead extending fromthe photovoltaic element and terminated in a negative connector, thenegative connector being coupled to the negative connector correspondingto the positive connector.
 28. A roof comprising: a roof frame; a wiringsubstrate disposed on the roof frame; a wiring array disposed on orwithin the wiring substrate, the wiring array comprising a positiveparallel wiring run, the positive parallel wiring run comprising a mainline and one or more connection branches pendant from the main line,each connection branch being terminated in a positive connector; anegative parallel wiring run, the negative parallel wiring runcomprising a main line and one or more connection branches pendant fromthe main line, each connection branch being terminated in a negativeconnector; and one or more series wiring runs, each series wiring runcomprising a first end wiring element having a positive end terminatedin a positive connector and a negative end terminated in a negativeconnector; a second end wiring element having a positive end terminatedin a positive connector and a negative end terminated in a negativeconnector; and a sequence of one or more interior wiring elements, eachhaving a positive end terminated in a positive connector and a negativeend terminated in a negative connector, arranged in a substantiallyhead-to-tail manner from the first end wiring element to the second endwiring element; and one or more first end photovoltaic roofing elements,each first end photovoltaic roofing element comprising a roofingsubstrate; and a photovoltaic element disposed on or within the roofingsubstrate, the photovoltaic element having a positive lead terminated ina positive connector, the positive connector being coupled to a positiveconnector of a connection branch of the positive parallel wiring run;and a negative lead terminated in a negative connector, the negativeconnector being coupled to the negative connector of the first endwiring element of the series wiring run corresponding to the positiveconnector of the connection branch; and one or more second endphotovoltaic roofing elements, each second end photovoltaic roofingelement comprising a roofing substrate; and a photovoltaic elementdisposed on or within the roofing substrate, the photovoltaic elementhaving a negative lead terminated in a negative connector, the negativeconnector being coupled to a negative connector of a connection branchof the negative parallel wiring run; and a positive lead terminated in apositive connector, the positive connector being coupled to the positiveconnector of the second end wiring element corresponding to the negativeconnector of the connection branch.
 29. The roof of claim 28, furthercomprising: one or more interior photovoltaic roofing elements, eachinterior photovoltaic roofing element comprising a roofing substrate;and a photovoltaic element disposed on or within the roofing substrate,the photovoltaic element having a positive lead terminated in a positiveconnector, the positive connector being coupled to a positive connectorof the first end wiring element or an interior wiring element; and anegative lead terminated in a negative connector, the negative connectorbeing coupled to the negative connector corresponding to the positiveconnector.